%% @texfile{ %% filename="userdoc.tex", %% version="2.1d", %% date="30-NOV-1993", %% filetype="AMSFonts: documentation", %% copyright="Copyright (C) American Mathematical Society, %% all rights reserved. Copying of this file is %% authorized only if either: %% (1) you make absolutely no changes to your copy %% including name; OR %% (2) if you do make changes, you first rename it to some %% other name.", %% author="American Mathematical Society", %% address="American Mathematical Society, %% Technical Support Department, %% P. O. Box 6248, %% Providence, RI 02940, %% USA", %% telephone="401-455-4080 or (in the USA) 800-321-4AMS", %% email="Internet: Tech-Support@Math.AMS.org", %% codetable="ISO/ASCII", %% checksumtype="line count", %% checksum="1400", %% keywords="amsfonts, tex, cyrillic", %% abstract="This file contains the TeX source for %% the AMSFonts 2.1 User's Guide. It inputs the files %% USERDOC.DEF, USERDOC.CYR, USERDOC.FNT, and USERDOC.INS %% This file should be typeset using Plain TeX, NOT AMS-TeX or LaTeX." %% } % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \input userdoc.def \input amssym.def \input amssym \WholeUserDoctrue \pageno=1 \def\ppcontents{1} \def\pphistory{6} \def\ppAMSTeX{8} \def\ppnonAMSTeX{11} \def\ppcyrillic{13} \def\ppsymbols{17} \def\ppfurtherinfo{22} \def\ppreflist{23} \def\ppinstallpc{25} \def\ppinstallmac{29} \makeatletter \def\@period{.} \def\@gobble#1{} \def\furtherinfo{\futurelet\test@period\check@period} \def\check@period{the section {\bf For further information}% \ifx\test@period .\def\next{.\@gobble}\else \def\next{''}\fi \next } \def\@Note #1{\def\endx{\ifhmode \unskip\endgraf \fi \endgroup }% \ifdim\lastskip>\medskipamount \else \removelastskip\medskip \fi \begingroup \leftskip=3pc \rightskip=\leftskip \interlinepenalty=10000 \noindent {\bf\ignorespaces#1\unskip: } \ignorespaces } \def\Note{\@Note{Note}} \def\Warn{\@Note{Warning}} \def\<#1>{$\langle${\rm #1\/}$\rangle$} \def\filename#1{\leavevmode\hbox{\tt\ignorespaces#1\unskip}} \def\fontname#1{\leavevmode\hbox{\ignorespaces#1\unskip}} \makeatother \input cyracc.def \font\tencyr=wncyr10 \def\cyr{\tencyr\cyracc} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \maintitle User's Guide to AMSFonts Version 2.1\\ \fontsreleasedate< Standard distributions of \TeX{} ordinarily come with all the fonts specified in |PLAIN.TEX|, and they may also come with a number of additional fonts intended for use with \LaTeX. Additional fonts designed for use in mathematics and defined in \AmSTeX{} are not always included among such font collections. For this reason, the \AMS{} has compiled a collection, known as AMSFonts, which contains fonts of symbols and several alphabets corresponding to symbols and alphabets used in AMS publications, including the MathSci online database. \vskip-6pt \Warn The fonts in this collection are suitable for use with \AmSTeX{} Version~2.0$+$ and \AmS-\LaTeX{} Version~1.0$+$, but are not compatible with earlier versions of \AmSTeX{}. If you are using an older version of \AmSTeX{} and are intending to use fonts from this Version~2.1 collection, you should obtain a new version of \AmSTeX{}. Similarly, earlier versions of this collection are not compatible with \AmSTeX{} Version~2.0$+$. \endx \vskip-6pt \section Contents of this document \begingroup \parfillskip=\normalparindent \parindent=\normalparindent \item{\bull} Contents of the AMSFonts collection \dotsfill\ \ppcontents{} \item{\bull} History of these fonts \dotsfill\ \pphistory{} \item{\bull} How to use AMSFonts 2.1 with \AmSTeX{} 2.0$+$ \dotsfill\ \ppAMSTeX{} \item{\bull} How to use AMSFonts 2.1 without \AmSTeX{} \dotsfill\ \ppnonAMSTeX{} \item{\bull} Installing and using cyrillic \dotsfill\ \ppcyrillic{} \item{\bull} Installing and using the extra symbols \dotsfill\ \ppsymbols{} \item{\bull} For further information \dotsfill\ \ppfurtherinfo{} \item{\bull} References \dotsfill\ \ppreflist{} \item{\bull} Appendix A - Installation Procedures -- PC\dotsfill\ \ppinstallpc{} \item{\bull} Appendix B - Installation Procedures -- Macintosh\dotsfill\ \ppinstallmac{} \endgroup %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \title Contents of the AMSFonts collection The AMSFonts collection contains the following fonts, in the sizes indicated: \begingroup \raggedright \parskip=0pt \item{\bull} The Euler family, all but \fontname{EUEX} in 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 point: \itemitem{--} Fraktur (German), medium-weight and bold (\fontname{EUFM} and \fontname{EUFB}) \itemitem{--} ``Roman'' cursive, medium-weight and bold (\fontname{EURM} and \fontname{EURB}) \itemitem{--} Script, medium-weight and bold (\fontname{EUSM} and \fontname{EUSB}) \itemitem{--} Euler-compatible extension font (\fontname{EUEX}), in 7, 8, 9, and 10 point \item{\bull} Additional sizes of some Computer Modern math fonts (the 10-point fonts are included in standard \TeX\ distributions): \itemitem{--} bold math italic (\fontname{CMMIB}), in 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 point \itemitem{--} bold math symbols (\fontname{CMBSY}), in 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 point \itemitem{--} math extension font (\fontname{CMEX}), in 7, 8, and 9 point (the 10-point font is included in standard \TeX\ distributions) \goodbreak \item{\bull} Extra math symbols, in 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 point: \itemitem{--} first series, medium-weight (\fontname{MSAM}) \itemitem{--} second series, including Blackboard Bold, medium-weight (\fontname{MSBM}) \item{\bull} Cyrillic, developed at the University of Washington \itemitem{--} lightface (\fontname{WNCYR}), in 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 point \itemitem{--} bold (\fontname{WNCYB}), in 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 point \itemitem{--} italic (\fontname{WNCYI}), in 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 point \itemitem{--} caps and small caps (\fontname{WNCYSC}), in 10 point \itemitem{--} sans serif (\fontname{WNCYSS}), in 8, 9, and 10 point \item{\bull} Computer Modern caps and small caps (\fontname{CMCSC}), in 8 and 9 point (the 10-point font is included in standard \TeX\ distributions) \item{\bull} The ``dummy font,'' used in \AmSTeX{} for syntax checking, exists only as metrics (\filename{DUMMY.TFM}) \item{\bull} Other files needed to use these fonts: \itemitem{--} \filename{AMSSYM.TEX}, a file defining the symbols in fonts \fontname{MSAM} and \fontname{MSBM} \itemitem{--} \filename{AMSSYM.DEF}, a file that loads the fonts \fontname{MSAM}, \fontname{MSBM} and \fontname{EUFM} and defines some control sequences required by \filename{AMSSYM.TEX} \itemitem{--} \filename{CYRACC.DEF}, a file containing definitions needed for proper access to characters in the cyrillic fonts \item{\bull} Other useful files: \itemitem{--} \filename{USERDOC.TEX}, the source file for this User's Guide \itemitem{--} \filename{USERDOC.CYR}, the source file for the table showing cyrillic input conventions, input by \filename{USERDOC.TEX} \itemitem{--} \filename{USERDOC.FNT}, the source file for the tables of the principal 10-point fonts in the AMSFonts collection, input by \filename{USERDOC.TEX}; this file may also be \TeX{}ed by itself \itemitem{--} \filename{USERDOC.DEF}, the macros used to format this User's Guide \itemitem{--} \filename{USERDOC.INS}, the source file for the appendixes to this User's Guide, input by \filename{USERDOC.TEX}; this file may also be \TeX{}ed by itself \endgraf \endgroup % end \raggedright \noindent Each font at a particular size is provided in seven standard \TeX{} magnifications, magsteps 0~through~5, including magstephalf. The AMSFonts package for the IBM~PC and compatibles includes all magnifications. For use with {\it Textures\/} on the Macintosh, the Standard AMSfonts package includes only magsteps 0~and~1; the Extended AMSFonts package includes all seven magnifications. All instances of every font have been newly generated for this release of the AMSFonts collection. The philosophy under which the Euler fonts were implemented was different from that used for Computer Modern, and the result is a lower degree of ``meta-ness''. For that reason, the appearance of these fonts is not very good at small sizes when output on low-resolution devices, in particular on screens. Even so, the fonts are included in AMSFonts in all the sizes and magnifications offered, on the assumption that the printed output will be prepared on a device of higher resolution (at least 300dpi) where this effect will not be noticeable. Figure 1 shows the layouts for the 10-point fonts listed above. Where both medium-weight and bold versions are listed, only the medium-weight layout is shown. The bold fonts have the same layout as the corresponding medium-weight versions. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \newpage \normalbottom \figuretitle Figure 1a. {\rm Layouts of the AMSFonts\Dash Euler} \Note The charts shown in this figure were set with the 10-point versions of the indicated fonts, then photographically reduced. \endx \vskip 0pt plus \vsize \begingroup \leftskip 1in \obeylines Charts to appear here: Euler: EUFM10, EURM10, EUSM10, EUEX10 \endgroup \vskip 0pt plus \vsize \DoHrule \eject \figuretitle Figure 1b. {\rm Layouts of the AMSFonts\Dash Computer Modern bold math; extra symbols} \vskip 0pt plus \vsize \begingroup \leftskip 1in \obeylines Charts to appear here: Symbols: MSAM10, MSBM10 Computer Modern bold math: CMMIB10, CMBSY10 \endgroup \vskip 0pt plus \vsize \DoHrule \eject \figuretitle Figure 1c. {\rm Layouts of the AMSFonts\Dash Computer Modern math extension; caps/small caps; cyrillic} \vskip 0pt plus \vsize \begingroup \leftskip 1in \obeylines Charts to appear here: Math extension: CMEX10 Caps/small caps: CMCSC10 Cyrillic: WNCYR10, WNCYI10 \endgroup \vskip 0pt plus \vsize \DoHrule \eject \raggedbottom %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \section Font naming conventions Developers of fonts for use with \TeX, at least those using \MF, generally try to make the names distinctive, so that a user will know the origin of the font by the font name. For most of the fonts in the AMSFonts collection, the first two letters identify the font source, as follows: \begingroup \raggedright \parskip=0pt \item{\bull} ``CM'': These fonts are based directly on the specifications for Knuth's Computer Modern fonts, as described in Volume~E of \CandT{} [DEK86E]. \item{\bull} ``EU'': These are members of the Euler family, described below. \item{\bull} ``MS'': These fonts of math symbols were developed by or under the direction of the AMS staff. \item{\bull} ``WN'': These cyrillic fonts were developed at or under the direction of the University of Washington Humanities and Arts Computing Center, and are distributed with their permission. \endgraf \endgroup \noindent DUMMY is a special case; it was developed as part of the Stanford University \TeX{} Project, and follows no particular naming convention. For information on \fontname{CM} fonts other than those specifically named here, and on other fonts in general, the \TUG{} (TUG) is the best source. For TUG's address, see \furtherinfo. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \title History of these fonts When the AMS began using \TeX{} to produce its publications, the available complement of symbols was found to be inadequate. Several alphabets used extensively as symbols were not available either. While development of the symbols could be undertaken by in-house personnel, using the existing \TeX{} symbol font as a model, the creation of new Fraktur and script alphabets required the assistance of someone with experience in font design. \section Euler With Donald Knuth's assistance and encouragement, Hermann Zapf, one of the premier font designers of this century, was commissioned to create designs for Fraktur and script, and for a somewhat experimental, upright cursive alphabet that would represent a mathematician's handwriting on a blackboard and that could be used in place of italic. The designs that resulted were named Euler, in honor of Leonhard Euler, a prominent mathematician of the eighteenth century. Zapf's designs were rendered in \MF{} code by graduate students at Stanford, working under Knuth's direction; the process by which the \MF{} fonts were implemented is described in a report by David Siegel [DRS85]. The Euler fonts were designed to be used as symbols; they are not intended for setting running text. The Fraktur face of the Euler family has been used by the AMS for several years in its production. However, no extensive test or use had been made of the script or cursive until Knuth decided that they should be used in a textbook, {\sl Concrete Mathematics}, written by him and two co-authors [GKP88]. During the course of preparing that book, a number of errors, particularly in spacing parameters affecting the placement of sub- and superscripts, were discovered. All these errors have been corrected in the new medium-weight versions of the Euler fonts (almost no boldface symbols were used in {\sl Concrete Mathematics\/}). Knuth also noticed that the style of some symbols in the Computer Modern extension font, in particular the integral sign, was too slanted to be attractive with Euler, and consequently he prepared a new (partial) extension font for use with Euler. Knuth has described his experience with the Euler fonts in a \TUB\/ article [DEK89]. In the article he also identifies the macros he used and where they can be obtained. \section Additional Computer Modern fonts for use in math Only the 10-point size of the Computer Modern bold math italic (which includes Greek), symbol, and math extension fonts are included in standard distributions of \TeX{}. Since these symbols are often needed in mathematics, other sizes have been constructed, using the principles demonstrated in Knuth's {\sl Computer Modern Typefaces\/} [DEK86E], and included in the AMSFonts collection. \section Symbols Two fonts of ``extra'' symbols are included in the AMSFonts collection. These are named \fontname{MSAM} and \fontname{MSBM}, and have been newly implemented in ``new'' \MF{} (\mf84); they replace earlier fonts (named \fontname{MSXM} and \fontname{MSYM}) that were defined in old \MF{} (\mf79)\null. These fonts contain symbols needed in the publishing program of the AMS, including the MathSci online database, and include the uppercase letters of an alphabet known as Blackboard Bold ($\Bbb A, \dots, \Bbb Z$). \section Cyrillic Titles of books reviewed in \MR\/ are traditionally rendered in their original language. For books published in Russian or other Slavic languages, this frequently requires use of the cyrillic alphabet. A cyrillic font was developed at AMS using \MF\/79 with the \fontname{AM} fonts as a model. This font was organized in a manner suitable for use with the transliteration scheme adopted by {\sl MR\/} in 1980, and contained only those letters which appear in current mathematical literature. In particular, this meant that the letters dropped from the Russian alphabet after the Revolution of 1917, and some letters used in non-Slavic languages now rendered in cyrillic (such as Azerbaijani, from which no mathematical literature is currently reviewed in {\sl MR\/}) were absent. In 1988, the Humanities and Arts Computing Center of the University of Washington undertook a font development project for support of scholars in Slavic languages. The fonts developed through this project include several different font layouts. One layout is based on that of the original AMS cyrillic augmented with `{\cyr \u\i}' (cyrillic short `i'), `{\cyr\"e}' (umlauted `e'), and several pre-Revolutionary letters. The fonts with the AMS layout are included in the AMSFonts collection with the permission of the University of Washington developers. For information on cyrillic fonts with other layouts, see \furtherinfo. The cyrillic fonts are based on Computer Modern letter shapes. Type styles include ordinary upright, bold (based on \fontname{CM} bold extended), caps and small caps, italic, and upright sans serif. The principal text fonts (upright, italic and boldface) are present in sizes from 5 through 10 point; sans serif is in sizes 8, 9 and 10 point; caps and small caps are in 10 point only. \section Caps/small caps The font \fontname{CMCSC10} is referenced in \filename{PLAIN.TEX} and should be included in all standard \TeX{} distributions. However, Knuth did not generate this font in any other sizes. The AMSFonts collection includes 8 and 9-point sizes, generated according to the same principles as other \fontname{CM} fonts of these sizes. \section Dummy font This is a pseudo-font, which exists only as a set of metrics. Mainframe \TeX{} distributions contain this font in ``property list'' (\filename{.PL}) format, a human-readable file that contains everything in the corresponding \filename{.TFM} file. (Transformation between \filename{.PL} and \filename{.TFM} formats can be accomplished by the programs |PLtoTF| and |TFtoPL|; for convenience, the AMSFonts collection includes the file \filename{DUMMY.TFM}\null.) Specifically, the dummy font contains no ligature or kerning information, and all dimensions and parameter values are set to zero. The dummy font is used in \AmSTeX{} to implement ``syntax checking.'' (Syntax checking is activated by the |\printoptions| command as described in \JoT{} [MDS86].) In this mode, the dummy font replaces all the usual ``printing'' fonts, so that \TeX{} never accumulates any text to be set, and never tries to write out a page, but in the process of reading the input file, checks all control sequences for syntactic correctness. In this mode, an input file will be processed perhaps 30 percent faster than if it were actually being set. However, some errors and conditions are not detected during a syntax check; in particular, overfull boxes will not be detected until setting actually occurs. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \title How to use AMSFonts 2.1 with \AmSTeX{} 2.0$+$ In \JoT{}, Michael Spivak describes various fonts that are used in mathematics in addition to the fonts provided with the standard distributions of \TeX. Two references in particular are of interest with respect to AMSFonts: the section {\bf Fonts in math mode} in Chapter 20, and Appendix F, {\bf Further fonts}. The first describes the use of letters from alphabets, including Fraktur, and the second, mostly nonalphabetic symbols. \Warn This information is effective as of \AmSTeX{} version~2.0$+$, \amstexreleasedate{} and the 2nd edition of \JoT\/ [MDS90]. The handling of non-\filename{PLAIN} fonts in earlier versions is different from what is described here. If you have an earlier version of \AmSTeX, it is highly recommended that you obtain \AmSTeX{} Version~2.0$+$, which is available from AMS and most \TeX{} distributors. \endx Instructions for using the fonts of the AMSFonts collection with \AmSTeX{} are also given in the {\sl User's Guide to \AmSTeX{} Version~2.1\/} [AMS91] and in Appendix~F of editions of \JoT{} [MDS90] dated 1990 or later. Additional fonts to be used with \AmSTeX{} should be specified at the top of the document input file, in what is known as the ``preamble.'' The arrangement of commands at the top of an input file is the following: \begintt \input amstex | \documentstyle{...} \endtt \AmSTeX{} provides a simple method for accessing most of the fonts in the AMSFonts collection. The two extra symbol fonts and Euler Fraktur are loaded automatically by the preprint style (\filename{AMSPPT.STY})\null. If you are using \AmSTeX{}, but not the preprint style, the method used to load these fonts and define the associated symbol names depends on how many symbols will be needed. If a lot of the symbols will be needed, or you aren't worried about memory space and just want to do what is easiest, all three fonts will be loaded and the symbol names defined if you type the command |\UseAMSsymbols| in the preamble. This will load the file \filename{AMSSYM.TEX}, in which all the symbol names (more than 200 of them) are defined. If only a few symbols from these fonts are needed, the commands |\loadmsam|, |\loadmsbm|, and |\loadeufm| will load the medium-weight versions of the two extra symbol fonts and Euler Fraktur respectively. The command |\newsymbol| can then be used to define just those symbols that are needed; its use is described below, in the section {\bf Installing and using the extra symbols}. \Warn Additional fonts from the AMSFonts collection can be accessed easily in \AmSTeX. However, users should be aware that \TeX{} limits the number of math mode font families to 16, of which 11 are predefined in \AmSTeX. Only those additional families should be activated that will actually be used in a document, to avoid exceeding the limit. \endx Two sizes of fonts, suitable for body text and for passages requiring smaller type (e.g.\ abstracts and footnotes), are incorporated in the preprint style \filename{AMSPPT.STY}\null. These are accessed through the control sequences |\tenpoint| and |\eightpoint|, which are ordinarily referred to only by higher-level commands that identify the kind of text being input (e.g.\ |\title|, |\abstract|, |\footnote|). Most fonts in the AMSFonts collection have |\load...|\ instructions defined in \AmSTeX{} and will be accessed properly for use with the preprint style when the |\load| instructions are included in the preamble of the document input. If you are not using the preprint style, you can use the font definitions in \filename{AMSPPT.STY} as a model. \Warn Editions of \Joy\/ prior to 1990 describe an obsolete method of accessing these fonts. The directions given in Appendix F of these older editions are superseded by the |\load...|\ instructions cited here for Euler, bold math italic, and symbol fonts. \endx \section Euler The Euler fonts are defined only in math mode, in sizes appropriate for text and two orders of sub- and superscripts. They can be activated by invoking the proper |\load| instructions before the |\documentstyle| command, in the preamble of a paper in which the fonts are to be used. (The medium-weight Fraktur font is activated automatically by the preprint style.) The Euler fonts can be activated by the following commands: \begingroup \smallskip \parskip=0pt \def\1 #1 {\item{}{\tt\bs#1}\qquad\ignorespaces} \1 loadeufm Euler Fraktur medium (automatic with the preprint style) \1 loadeufb Euler Fraktur bold \1 loadeurm Euler cursive medium \1 loadeurb Euler cursive bold \1 loadeusm Euler script medium \1 loadeusb Euler script bold \endgraf \endgroup After the \fontname{EUFM} font has been loaded, the medium-weight Fraktur letters can be produced by typing |\frak| followed by the desired letter. For example, |$\frak g \frak A$| yields $\frak g \frak A$. \AmSTeX{} 2.1 also defines |\eufm|, |\eufb|, |\eurm|, |\eurb|, |\eusm| and |\eusb| \section Computer Modern bold math italic and symbols The Computer Modern bold math italic (\fontname{CMMIB}) and bold math symbol (\fontname{CMBSY}) fonts can both be loaded by the command |\loadbold|; there are no predefined commands to load them separately. |\loadbold| must be invoked in the preamble of the document input file. A rather elaborate mechanism has been defined in \AmSTeX{} to simplify access to bold letters and symbols, in math mode only. Three control sequences are available, each of which affects a particular class of characters: \begingroup \smallskip \parskip=0pt \setbox0=\hbox{\tt xboldsymbol} \def\1 #1 {\item{}\hbox to\wd0{\tt\bs#1\hfil}\qquad\ignorespaces} \1 bold for a single letter or numeral \1 boldkey for other symbols that appear on the keyboard \1 boldsymbol for a symbol specified by a single control sequence \endgraf \endgroup \noindent These facilities are described in more detail in the {\sl User's Guide to \AmSTeX{} Version~2.1\/} [AMS91] and editions of \Joy\/ published in 1990 or later [MDS90]. \section Computer Modern math extension font Smaller sizes of the math extension font are appropriate for use in text smaller than ten-point and in sub- and superscripts. They are provided automatically for these environments in the preprint style. If you are not using the preprint style, you can use the font definitions in either \filename{AMSPPT.STY} or Appendix~E of \TB\/ [DEK86A] as a model. \section Extra symbols The medium-weight versions of the two extra symbol fonts are available automatically, including all the symbol names, if you are using the preprint style or if you have specified |\input amssym|. If you wish to load these fonts separately, use the appropriate control sequence |\loadmsam| or |\loadmsbm| in the preamble of your document. If you load the fonts separately, a few symbols will be defined when one of the fonts is loaded, but most must be defined using the |\newsymbol| command before they can be used. See the section {\bf Installing and using the extra symbols} for information on both the symbol names and on using |\newsymbol| to define them. \section Cyrillic Cyrillic is not referred to in the \AmSTeX{} files as distributed. The cyrillic fonts included in AMSFonts are intended for use mainly in text, not as symbols in math. Detailed instructions for loading and using cyrillic appear below in the section {\bf Installing and using cyrillic}. \section Caps/small caps Caps/small caps are loaded automatically by the \AmSTeX{} preprint style for use in ten-point and eight-point text. If you are not using the preprint style, you can use the font definitions in either \filename{AMSPPT.STY} or Appendix~E of \TB\/ [DEK86A] as a model. \section Dummy font No special action is needed to use the dummy font with \AmSTeX. It is already built into the syntax checking procedure. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \title How to use AMSFonts 2.1 without \AmSTeX{} For the most part, it is assumed that anyone using AMSFonts without \AmSTeX{} has some experience with \TeX{} macros or has a friendly relationship with a \TeX nician. Since all applications seem to refer to fonts in different ways, no assumptions are made about how any ``average'' user is going to use these fonts. However, some general guidelines may be helpful. Two models for defining fonts should be accessible to most users: \item{\bull} Appendix E of \TB\/ contains size-specific font definitions for \hbox{|\tenpoint|}, \hbox{|\ninepoint|} and |\eightpoint| that permit size-switching, including support of mathematics. \item{\bull} \filename{AMSPPT.STY}, the file of macros supporting the \AmSTeX{} preprint style, contains similar font definitions, |\tenpoint| and |\eightpoint|. \noindent Extensive size-switching font facilities are also present in \LaTeX, but these cannot easily be copied for uses outside of \LaTeX. Before attempting to load all available fonts into every \TeX{} job, determine (if you can) how many fonts can be accommodated by the implementation of \TeX{} you are using. It is generally a good idea to load seldom-used fonts selectively. \section Euler The following commands will load the medium-weight Euler Fraktur font, and can be used as a model for accessing the other Euler fonts. \begintt \font\teneufm=eufm10 \font\seveneufm=eufm7 \font\fiveeufm=eufm5 \newfam\eufmfam \textfont\eufmfam=\teneufm \scriptfont\eufmfam=\seveneufm \scriptscriptfont\eufmfam=\fiveeufm \def\eufm#1{{\fam\eufmfam\relax#1}} \endtt Individual letters in the Euler fonts are accessible by the ordinary letters on your keyboard, once the font has been loaded and named by a control sequence equivalent to |\eufm|. The medium-weight Fraktur font, \fontname{EUFM}, can also be loaded by |\input amssym.def|; this loads the two extra symbol fonts as well. \section Computer Modern bold math italic and symbols The \fontname{CMMIB} and \fontname{CMBSY} fonts can be loaded and made accessible to math in ten-point environments by the following code: \begintt \font\tencmmib=cmmib10 \skewchar\tencmmib='177 \font\sevencmmib=cmmib7 \skewchar\sevencmmib='177 \font\fivecmmib=cmmib5 \skewchar\fivecmmib='177 \newfam\cmmibfam \textfont\cmmibfam=\tencmmib \scriptfont\cmmibfam=\sevencmmib \scriptscriptfont\cmmibfam=\fivecmmib \font\tencmbsy=cmbsy10 \skewchar\tencmbsy='60 \font\sevencmbsy=cmbsy7 \skewchar\sevencmbsy='60 \font\fivecmbsy=cmbsy5 \skewchar\fivecmbsy='60 \newfam\cmbsyfam \textfont\cmbsyfam=\tencmbsy \scriptfont\cmbsyfam=\sevencmbsy \scriptscriptfont\cmbsyfam=\fivecmbsy \endtt The \TeX{} primitive |\mathchar| must be used to access individual characters from a font in math mode. |\mathchar|, like the |\char| primitive, requires that you know the position in the font of the character you are accessing. However, |\mathchar| also requires that you specify the ``class'' and the family of the math character being accessed. See Chapter 17 of \TB{} for more details on the use of |\mathchar|, as well as |\mathchardef|, which will allow you to define your own macro names for individual characters in these fonts. \Note The file \filename{AMSSYM.DEF} contains a convenient macro, |\hexnumber@|, to determine the family number of the font being accessed through |\mathchar|. For example, the |\mathchar| statement to properly access the bold alpha in the CMMIB font would be: \begintt \mathchar"0\hexnumber@\cmmibfam0B \endtt \endx \section Computer Modern math extension font The 10-point \fontname{CMEX} font is loaded by \filename{PLAIN.TEX}. To install the 7-point size appropriate for sub- and superscripts in a ten-point math environment, include the following code in your file: \begintt \font\sevenex=cmex7 \scriptfont3=\sevenex \scriptscriptfont3=\sevenex \endtt To use other sizes implies the use of switchable-size fonts, which may be implemented according to the models cited at the beginning of this section. \section Extra symbols Detailed instructions for accessing the \fontname{MSAM} and \fontname{MSBM} fonts are given in the section {\bf Installing and using the extra symbols}. \section Cyrillic See the section {\bf Installing and using cyrillic} for instructions. \section Caps/small caps The 10-point \fontname{CMCSC} font is loaded by \filename{PLAIN.TEX}. To use the smaller versions implies the use of switchable-size fonts, which may be implemented according to the models cited at the beginning of this section. \section Dummy font The dummy font was designed to be used for syntax checking. The general technique is described in Appendix~D of \TB, p.~401. This has been implemented in the file \filename{AMSTEX.TEX}, which can be used as a model. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \title Installing and using cyrillic \def\2#1{${}\mapsto{}${\cyr#1}} \newcount\cyrtablefigno \cyrtablefigno=2 \def\cyrtablefig{Figure~\number\cyrtablefigno} The cyrillic fonts in the AMSFonts collection have been designed so that input using the transliteration conventions of {\sl Mathematical Reviews\/} will be converted directly to cyrillic text. The following cyrillic fonts are included: \item{} \fontname{WNCYR} (upright), in sizes 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 point \item{} \fontname{WNCYB} (bold), in the same range of sizes as \fontname{WNCYR} \item{} \fontname{WNCYI} (italic), in the same range of sizes as \fontname{WNCYR} \item{} \fontname{WNCYSC} (caps and small caps), in size 10 point \item{} \fontname{WNCYSS} (upright sans serif), in sizes 8, 9, and 10 point \noindent The file \filename{CYRACC.DEF}, which is included in the AMSFonts collection, must be input to any document using the cyrillic fonts as defined with the AMS layout. Since the cyrillic alphabet contains more letters than the roman alphabet, some cyrillic letters are accessed by combinations of roman letters, accented letters, or control sequences. \filename{CYRACC.DEF} contains the definitions of these accents and control sequences. If this file is not input, some cyrillic letters will be inaccessible. \section Making cyrillic available to a document If you are not using \AmSTeX, include the following instructions near the top of the document input file to make the 10-point cyrillic font available for use in text (see below for cyrillic in math): \begintt \input cyracc.def \font\tencyr=wncyr10 \def\cyr{\tencyr\cyracc} \endtt If you require cyrillic text in more than one size, you must take a different approach in defining |\cyr|. An appropriate model appears in Appendix~E of \TB\/ [DEK86A], pages 414--15. The definition of |\cyr| should be incorporated into size-specific macros such as |\tenpoint| and |\eightpoint| similarly to what is done there for |\bf|. Don't forget to include the command |\cyracc| in the definition. If you are using \AmSTeX{} and the preprint style, the following instructions should be included in the preamble of your document input file to make cyrillic available in 10-point and 8-point text: \begintt \input cyracc.def \catcode`\@=11 \font@\tencyr=wncyr10 \font@\eightcyr=wncyr8 \catcode`\@=13 \addto\tenpoint{\def\cyr{\tencyr\cyracc}} \addto\eightpoint{\def\cyr{\eightcyr\cyracc}} \endtt (The |\font@| command not only loads the fonts, but also makes them behave properly during syntax checking.) If you are not using the preprint style, you can use the font definitions in either \filename{AMSPPT.STY} or \TB\/ Appendix~E as a model. The macro definitions in \filename{CYRACC.DEF} govern the behavior of cyrillic-specific control sequences, including accents, in cyrillic and noncyrillic text. Definitions governing noncyrillic text are activated as soon as \filename{CYRACC.DEF} is |\input|. This will permit text input according to the scheme shown in \cyrtablefig{} to be typeset in transliterated form, according to the {\sl MR\/} conventions. To produce actual cyrillic text, enclose the cyrillic input in a group that begins with the instruction |\cyr| {\sl inside\/} the group, as \begintt ...{\cyr ...} ... \endtt Enclosing in braces both the |\cyr| and the text to be set in cyrillic type, in the same way that an italic phrase would be indicated in a roman text, is particularly important for two reasons. First, like |\it|, |\cyr| must be explicitly terminated to return to roman text. And second, unlike |\it|, the special cyrillic control sequences invoked by |\cyracc| are interpreted differently by \TeX{} depending on whether they are in a cyrillic or a noncyrillic environment. The ``cyrillic'' interpretation is not turned off simply by invoking |\rm|. Failure to follow this practice will yield gibberish. \section Cyrillic input The table in \cyrtablefig{} follows the alphabetical order of the table published in the 1983 MR author index. The three paired columns contain: (1)~Cyrillic; (2)~Input; (3)~Transliteration. The letters in the Cyrillic columns will appear in the typeset output when the corresponding codes from the Input columns are used in the |{\cyr ...}| context described above. The roman letters in the Transliteration columns will appear in the output when the corresponding codes from the Input columns are used in a noncyrillic environment, i.e., have not been preceded by |\cyr|. \penalty0 \topinsert \begingroup \input userdoc.cyr \endgroup \endinsert \penalty0 \indent Several points should be noted here. \nobreak \item{\bull} Input codes for uppercase cyrillic which consist of more than one letter, e.g. |Zh|\2{Zh}, can also be input in all caps, e.g. |ZH|\2{ZH}, if the context is entirely in caps. \item{\bull} Particular care is necessary when the letter t\2{t} is followed by s\2{s}. The control sequence |\cydot| (``cyrillic dot'') is provided as a separator to keep those letters distinct: |t\cydot s|~(t\cydot s)\2{t\cydot s}. Otherwise, they will be combined as ts\2{ts}. \item{} The t\cydot s pair appears, for example, in the word |sovet\cydot ski\u\i| (sovet\cydot ski\u\i)\2{sovet\cydot ski\u\i} and is not uncommon in the suffix of reflexive verbs, e.g. \hbox{|nakhodyat\cydot sya|} (nakhodyat\cydot sya)\2{nakhodyat\cydot sya}. \item{\bull} Because there is not a one-to-one correspondence between cyrillic and roman letters, some cyrillic letters have been placed in locations where a roman letter does not have a cyrillic counterpart. A user who is aware of this fact may be able to detect input keying that does not conform to the recommendations shown in \cyrtablefig, and correct it more easily than otherwise. The following nonstandard assignments have been made:\newline \indent |c|\2{c}; |h|\2{h}; |q|\2{q}; |w|\2{w}; |x|\2{x}. \item{\bull} Some very strange effects can occur in cyrillic text hyphenated by the default English hyphenation rules; in particular, a cyrillic letter input as a group of letters can be decomposed. (Most multiple-letter input groups are converted to a single cyrillic letter by way of \TeX's ligaturing mechanism.) For example, |shch|\2{shch} might, in especially unlucky circumstances, be decomposed as {\cyr s-hch}, {\cyr sh-ch} or {\cyr shc-h}. In other words, if there is any chance that cyrillic text might fall into a position where hyphenation could occur, the results should be checked very carefully, and discretionary hyphens used as appropriate. \item{\bull} Hyphenation patterns do not exist for the AMS cyrillic font when the input conventions shown here are used. Furthermore, it is probably impracticable to attempt to develop such rules, since the rules to recognize control sequences and complicated ligatures, both used extensively by the AMS cyrillic input conventions, are not easily specified to \TeX's hyphenation mechanism. Another approach to hyphenation, requiring some changes to the cyrillic \filename{.TFM} files, has been described by Dimitri Vulis in a \TUB\/ article [DLV89]. \section Cyrillic in math Although the cyrillic fonts are intended for use as text, the need occasionally arises to use one or two letters in math; for example, {\cyr SH} may be used to represent the Shafarevich group. When cyrillic must also be made available to math mode, the following instructions (which will support the use of cyrillic in both text and math) should replace the definition of |\cyr| shown previously (which will work only for text): \begintt \newfam\cyrfam \font\tencyr=wncyr10 \font\sevencyr=wncyr7 \font\fivecyr=wncyr5 \def\cyr{\fam\cyrfam\tencyr\cyracc} \textfont\cyrfam=\tencyr \scriptfont\cyrfam=\sevencyr \scriptscriptfont\cyrfam=\fivecyr \endtt If only the 10-point cyrillic font has been accessed, the references to |\sevencyr| and |\fivecyr| can be changed to |\tencyr| to save memory. When using \AmSTeX{} and the preprint style, use |\font@| instead of |\font|, remembering to change the |\catcode| of the |@| appropriately, and embed the font family specifications in |\addto\tenpoint|, as shown above. If other base text sizes are used besides ten point, the suggestions given above under {\bf Making cyrillic available} apply here as well. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \makeatletter % Define macros for presentation of tables of symbols. \def\BBB#1{\par\bigbreak \leavevmode\llap{$\bullet$\enspace}{\bf#1}} \def\ttcs#1{\leavevmode\hbox{\tt\bs\ignorespaces#1\unskip}} \newdimen\biggest \setbox0\hbox{$\dashrightarrow$}\biggest=\wd0 \def\1#1{\hbox to\biggest{\hfil$\csname#1\endcsname$\hfil}\ \ % \ttcs{#1}} \def\getID@#1{\edef\next@{\expandafter\meaning\csname#1\endcsname}% \expandafter\getID@@\next@0\getID@@} \def\getID@@#1"#2#3#4#5#6\getID@@{\def\next@{#6}% \ifx\next@\empty \def\next@{#2}% \ifx\next@\msafam@ \def\ID@{10#3#4}% \else \def\ID@{20#3#4}% \fi \else \def\next@{#3}% \ifx\next@\msafam@ \def\ID@{1#2#4#5}% \else \def\ID@{2#2#4#5}% \fi \fi} \def\2#1{\hbox to.5\hsize {\hbox to\biggest{\hfill$\csname#1\endcsname$\hfill}\ \ % \getID@{#1}{\tt\ID@}\ \ \ttcs{#1}\hfill}} \def\3#1#2{\hbox to.5\hsize {\hbox to\biggest{\hfil$\csname#1\endcsname$\hfil}\ \ % \getID@{#1}{\tt\ID@}\ \ \ttcs{#1}, \ttcs{#2}\hss}} \def\4#1{\hbox to.5\hsize {\hbox to\biggest{\hfill$\csname#1\endcsname$\hfill}\ \ % \getID@{#1}{\tt\ID@}\ \ \ttcs{#1}\ \ {\eightpoint(U)}\hfill}} \makeatother %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \title Installing and using the extra symbols Most users of the extra symbol fonts will probably want to make them accessible to their \TeX{} jobs with the least possible fuss. For \AmSTeX{} users, these fonts are available automatically with the preprint style, and other methods of loading them for use with \AmSTeX{} are described above. If you are not using \AmSTeX, the easiest method of loading these fonts and defining the control sequences for accessing the symbols is to place the commands \begintt \input amssym.def \input amssym \endtt at the top of your input file. This will load the fonts \fontname{MSAM}, \fontname{MSBM}, and \fontname{EUFM} in sizes 10, 7, and 5 point, suitable for use in ordinary ten-point math environments, and define the names of all the symbols in these fonts. However, this assigns more than 200 control sequence names, so if you are limited for space, an alternative method may be preferred. If you type just |\input amssym.def|, the fonts will be loaded, but only the names of the few special symbols listed below will be defined. First there are four symbols that are normally used outside of math mode: $$\vcenter{\halign to\hsize{\1{#}\hfil\tabskip\centering& \hbox to.5\hsize{\1{#}\hfil}\tabskip0pt\cr checkmark&circledR\cr maltese¥\cr}} $$ These symbols, like \P, \S, \dag, and \ddag, can also be used in math mode, and will change sizes correctly in subscripts and superscripts. Next are four symbols that are ``delimiters'' (although there are no larger versions obtainable with \ttcs{left} and \ttcs{right}), so they must be used in math mode: $$\vcenter{\halign to\hsize{\1{#}\hfil\tabskip\centering& \hbox to.5\hsize{\1{#}\hfil}\tabskip0pt\cr ulcorner&urcorner\cr llcorner&lrcorner\cr}}$$ Finally, two dashed arrows are constructed from symbols in this family (note that one of them has two names; it can be accessed by either one): $$\vcenter{\halign to\hsize{\1{#}\hfil\tabskip\centering& \hbox to.5\hsize{\1{#}\hfil}\tabskip0pt\cr \omit\hbox to.5\hsize{\hbox to\biggest{\hfil$\dashrightarrow$\hfil}\ \ % \ttcs{dashrightarrow}, \ttcs{dasharrow}\hss}&dashleftarrow\cr}}$$ The Blackboard Bold letters $\Bbb A,\dots,\Bbb Z$ can be accessed by typing (in math mode) |\Bbb A|,\dots,|\Bbb Z|. Wider versions of the \filename{PLAIN.TEX} |\widehat| and |\widetilde| are now available. Letters in the \fontname{EUFM} font can be accessed (in math mode) by typing, for example, |\frak A \frak g| to get $\frak A \frak g$. For the other Euler fonts, see the ``Euler'' subsections under {\bf How to use AMSFonts 2.1 with \AmSTeX{} 2.0+} and {\bf How to use AMSFonts 2.1 without \AmSTeX}. \section The {\tt\bs newsymbol} command All other symbols of the \fontname{MSAM} and \fontname{MSBM} fonts must be named by control sequences so that they can be used (in math mode only) when the fonts are loaded. If you are very short on space for control sequence names, and need only a few of these symbols, you can omit the loading of \filename{AMSSYM.TEX} and instead assign only the names you will need by using the command |\newsymbol| for each symbol you need, to create a control sequence that will properly produce that symbol. The control sequence can be either the ``standard'' name, as listed below, or one of your own choosing. The list of symbols below shows for each symbol the symbol itself, a four-character~``ID,'' and the ``standard'' name of the symbol. (The first character of the ID identifies the font family in which a symbol resides. Symbols from the \fontname{MSAM} family have {\tt1} as the first character; symbols from the \fontname{MSBM} family have {\tt2} as the first character.) For example, the symbol $\nleqslant$ appears as \medskip \noindent\kern\parindent\2{nleqslant} \medskip \noindent To produce a control sequence with this name, the instruction \begintt \newsymbol\nleqslant 230A \endtt appears in the file \filename{AMSSYM.TEX}\null. This same instruction can be typed by a user who is not using the \AmSTeX{} preprint style and has chosen not to load all the symbols, and thereafter the control sequence |\nleqslant| will produce the symbol $\nleqslant$ (in math mode), and will act properly as a ``binary relation.'' A few symbols in these fonts replace symbols defined in \filename{PLAIN.TEX} by combinations of symbols available in the Computer Modern fonts. These are |\angle|~($\angle$) and |\hbar|~($\hbar$) from the group ``Miscellaneous symbols,'' and |\rightleftharpoons|~($\rightleftharpoons$) from the group ``Arrows'' below. The new symbols will change sizes correctly in subscripts and superscripts, provided that you are using appropriate redefinitions. In order to use |\newsymbol| to replace an existing definition, the name must first be ``undefined.'' Here are the lines you must put in your file if you are not using the \AmSTeX{} preprint style or |\input amssym| (which perform the redefinition automatically): \begintt \undefine\angle \newsymbol\angle 105C \undefine\hbar \newsymbol\hbar 207E \undefine\rightleftharpoons \newsymbol\rightleftharpoons 130A \endtt \noindent These symbols are flagged in the tables below with a ``{\eightpoint(U)},'' as a reminder that they must be undefined. Note in the tables that some symbols are shown with two names; in such a case, either one can be used to access the symbol. \BBB{Lowercase Greek letters} $$\halign{\hbox to.5\hsize{\2{#}}&\2{#}\cr digamma&varkappa\cr}$$ \BBB{Hebrew letters} $$\halign{\hbox to.5\hsize{\2{#}}&\2{#}\cr beth&gimel\cr daleth\cr }$$ \BBB{Miscellaneous symbols} $$\halign{\hbox to.5\hsize{\2{#}}&\2{#}\cr \omit\4{hbar}&backprime\cr hslash&varnothing\cr vartriangle&blacktriangle\cr triangledown&blacktriangledown\cr square&blacksquare\cr lozenge&blacklozenge\cr circledS&bigstar\cr \omit\4{angle}&sphericalangle\cr measuredangle&\omit\cr nexists&complement\cr mhoð\cr Finv&diagup\cr Game&diagdown\cr Bbbk&\omit\cr }$$ \BBB{Binary operators} $$\halign{\hbox to.5\hsize{\2{#}}&\2{#}\cr dotplus<imes\cr smallsetminus&rtimes\cr \omit\3{Cap}{doublecap}&leftthreetimes\cr \omit\3{Cup}{doublecup}&rightthreetimes\cr barwedge&curlywedge\cr veebar&curlyvee\cr % %%%%%%%%%% %\noalign{\newpage} % %%%%%%%%%% doublebarwedge\cr boxminus&circleddash\cr boxtimes&circledast\cr boxdot&circledcirc\cr boxplus¢erdot\cr divideontimes&intercal\cr} $$ \BBB{Binary relations} $$\halign{\hbox to.5\hsize{\2{#}}&\2{#}\cr leqq&geqq\cr leqslant&geqslant\cr eqslantless&eqslantgtr\cr lesssim>rsim\cr lessapprox>rapprox\cr approxeq\cr lessdot>rdot\cr \omit\3{lll}{llless}&\omit\3{ggg}{gggtr}\cr lessgtr>rless\cr lesseqgtr>reqless\cr lesseqqgtr>reqqless\cr \omit\3{doteqdot}{Doteq}&eqcirc\cr risingdotseq&circeq\cr fallingdotseq&triangleq\cr backsim&thicksim\cr backsimeq&thickapprox\cr subseteqq&supseteqq\cr Subset&Supset\cr sqsubset&sqsupset\cr preccurlyeq&succcurlyeq\cr curlyeqprec&curlyeqsucc\cr precsim&succsim\cr precapprox&succapprox\cr vartriangleleft&vartriangleright\cr trianglelefteq&trianglerighteq\cr vDash&Vdash\cr Vvdash\cr smallsmile&shortmid\cr smallfrown&shortparallel\cr bumpeq&between\cr Bumpeq&pitchfork\cr varpropto&backepsilon\cr blacktriangleleft&blacktriangleright\cr therefore&because\cr}$$ \bigbreak \BBB{Negated relations} $$\halign{\hbox to.5\hsize{\2{#}}&\2{#}\cr nless&ngtr\cr nleq&ngeq\cr nleqslant&ngeqslant\cr nleqq&ngeqq\cr lneq&gneq\cr lneqq&gneqq\cr lvertneqq&gvertneqq\cr lnsim&gnsim\cr lnapprox&gnapprox\cr % %%%%%%%%%% %\noalign{\newpage} % %%%%%%%%%% nprec&nsucc\cr npreceq&nsucceq\cr precneqq&succneqq\cr precnsim&succnsim\cr precnapprox&succnapprox\cr nsim&ncong\cr nshortmid&nshortparallel\cr nmid&nparallel\cr nvdash&nvDash\cr nVdash&nVDash\cr ntriangleleft&ntriangleright\cr ntrianglelefteq&ntrianglerighteq\cr nsubseteq&nsupseteq\cr nsubseteqq&nsupseteqq\cr subsetneq&supsetneq\cr varsubsetneq&varsupsetneq\cr subsetneqq&supsetneqq\cr varsubsetneqq&varsupsetneqq\cr}$$ \overfullrule=0pt \BBB{Arrows} $$\halign{\hbox to.5\hsize{\2{#}}&\2{#}\cr leftleftarrows&rightrightarrows\cr leftrightarrows&rightleftarrows\cr Lleftarrow&Rrightarrow\cr twoheadleftarrow&twoheadrightarrow\cr leftarrowtail&rightarrowtail\cr looparrowleft&looparrowright\cr leftrightharpoons&\omit\4{rightleftharpoons}\cr curvearrowleft&curvearrowright\cr circlearrowleft&circlearrowright\cr Lsh&Rsh\cr upuparrows&downdownarrows\cr upharpoonleft&\omit\3{upharpoonright}{restriction}\cr downharpoonleft&downharpoonright\cr multimap&rightsquigarrow\cr leftrightsquigarrow\cr}$$ \BBB{Negated arrows} $$\halign{\hbox to.5\hsize{\2{#}}&\2{#}\cr nleftarrow&nrightarrow\cr nLeftarrow&nRightarrow\cr nleftrightarrow&nLeftrightarrow\cr}$$ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \goodbreak \title For further information The AMSFonts collection was implemented and packaged by the Society's Technical Support Department. Questions or suggestions for improvements should be directed to that group at the following address: \begingroup \smallskip \parskip=0pt \TextAddr Technical Support Department \AMS{} \POBox 6248 Providence, RI 02940 \smallskip Phone: 800-321-4AMS\quad or\quad 401-455-4080 Internet: Tech-Support@Math.AMS.org< \endgroup \smallskip The cyrillic fonts included in the AMSFonts collection were developed at the Humanities and Arts Computing Center of the University of Washington. Questions regarding these cyrillic fonts should be directed to: \begingroup \smallskip \parskip=0pt \TextAddr Director Humanities and Arts Computing Center DR-10 University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 \smallskip Phone: 206-543-4218< \endgroup \smallskip The \TUG{} is a good source of general information about fonts for use with \TeX. Inquiries can be directed to: \begingroup \smallskip \parskip=0pt \TextAddr \TUG{} \POBox 869 Santa Barbara, CA 93102-0869 \smallskip Phone: 805-963-1338 Internet: TUG@Math.AMS.org< \endgroup \section Obtaining the \MF{} source files The AMSFonts collection has been prepared for a number of different resolutions suitable for use on what the AMS staff has determined to be the most popular devices currently being used to prepare \TeX{} output. More such devices continue to appear, many of them with characteristics different from the devices that are currently supported. Users of unsupported devices who have access to an operating version of \MF{} and have some experience with generating \MF{} fonts may also wish to obtain the \MF{} source files for the AMSFonts collection. \MF{} source files are available on diskette from the Society, as well as via anonymous FTP from the Internet node e-MATH.ams.org. \MF{} source files for the cyrillic fonts in the AMSFonts collection can be obtained either from the Society or directly from the University of Washington. The sources available from Washington also include other fonts in different layouts. Information can be obtained from the director of the Academic Computing Center at the address given above. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \title References \begingroup \raggedright \hyphenpenalty=10000 \exhyphenpenalty=10000 \setbox\TestBox=\hbox{[DEK86A] } \leftskip=\wd\TestBox \def\1 [#1] {\noindent\kern-\leftskip \hbox to\leftskip{[#1]\hfil}\ignorespaces} \def\bysame{\hbox to 3em{\leaders\hrule\hfill}\thinspace, } \1 [AMS91] {\sl User's Guide to \AmSTeX{} Version~2.1, January 1991}, \AMS, Providence, RI, 1991; distributed with \AmSTeX{} Version~2.1. \1 [DEK86A] Donald E. Knuth, {\sl The \TeX book}, Volume~A of \CandT, \AW{} Publishing Co., Reading, 1986. \1 [DEK86E] \bysame {\sl Computer Modern Typefaces}, Volume~E of \CandT, \AW{} Publishing Co., Reading, 1986. \1 [DEK89] \bysame ``Typesetting Concrete Mathematics,'' {\sl \TUB\/} {\bf10} (1989), no.~1, 31--36; erratum, {\sl \TUB\/} {\bf10} (1989), no.~3, 342. \1 [DLV89] Dimitri Vulis, ``Notes on Russian \TeX,'' {\sl \TUB\/} {\bf10} (1989), no.~3, 332--36. \1 [DRS86] David R Siegel, {\sl The Euler Project at Stanford}, Computer Science Department, Stanford University, 1985. \1 [GKP88] Ronald L. Graham, Donald E. Knuth, and Oren Patashnik, {\sl Concrete Mathematics}, \AW{} Publishing Co., Reading, 1988. \1 [MDS86] M. D. Spivak, \JoT, \AMS, Providence, 1986. \1 [MDS90] \bysame \JoT, $2^{\rm nd}$ (revised) edition, \AMS, Providence, 1990. \endgroup %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \newpage This page intentionally left blank. \newpage \def\FullUserDoc{Y} \input userdoc.ins \newpage % Increase page length to get two font charts per page. \collgt=54pc \resetpagelgt %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \def \appendixtitlex{Font charts to be used in Figure 1} \begingroup \let\bye=\endinput \input userdoc.fnt \endgroup \bye